[/font:13f4af816c]my agency, in the Pacific Northwest, has been using IN Fentanyl, Versed, and Narcan for a year with zero, none, zilch problems. The issue with any medication "running down the back of the throat" occurred with the first three or four administrations; and was corrected by increasing the speed of emptying the syringe. Onset is equal to or on occasion seems to be faster than IV, particularly if you calculate the time to establish an IV. There is more reluctance by one segment of responders to use IN because some folks believe it is ok to "punish" opioid abusers; me - no blood, no needles, no risk! !! !!! Works for me, after 35 years in EMS
There have not been any "failed" administrations either.
We have been unable to find any literature support for IN Glucagon, so we are not using it.